Abstract

In connection with rapid urbanization and earthquakes, a huge number of structures have been demolished and generated lots of waste concrete for the last 40 years. Studies on the reclamation of the waste concrete is a pioneer subject for construction sectors in the world. Since the recycling of the waste concrete and reusing of recycled concrete aggregate in the production of new concrete is an important issue for saving of natural resources, economic, sustainable development, significant number of studies have been carried out on this subject. In the scope of this study, a literature review is conducted on the effect of recycled concrete aggregate on mechanical and durability characteristics of small-scale members. Furthermore, structural and seismic performances of full-scale reinforced concrete structural members produced with recycled concrete aggregate are discussed. The test results indicated that the structural members containing recycled aggregate exhibited similar structural performance with their counterparts containing natural aggregates. It was also observed that recycled concrete aggregate did not seem to have an adverse effect on seismic characteristics of the structural members such as ductility.

References

[1] Buck A D. Recycled concrete as a source of aggregate. ACI J. 1977; 74(5): 212-219.
[2] Khan A. Recycled concrete-a source for new aggregate. Cem. Concr. Agg. 1984; 6(1):17-27.
[3] Hansen T C, Boegh E. Elasticity and drying shrinkage of RAC. ACI J. 1985; 82(5):648-652.
[4] Tavakoli M, Soroushian P. Strength of RAC made from field-demolition aggregate. ACI Mat. 1996; 93:178-191.
[5] Topcu I B, Sengel S. Properties of concretes produced with waste concrete aggregate. Cem. Conc. Res. 2004; 34(8):1307-1312.
[6] Kou S C, Poon C S, Chan D. Influence of fly ash as a cement addition on the hardened properties of RAC. Mat. Struct. 2008; 41(7):1191-1201.
[7] Malešev M, Radonjanin V, Marinkovic S. Recycled concrete as aggregate for structural concrete production. Sustainability 2010; 2(5):1204-1225.
[8] Dabhade A N, Choudhari S R, Gajbhiye A R. Performance evaluation of RA used in concrete. Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 2012; 2:1387-1391.
[9] Choi H, Lim M, Inoue M, Kitagaki R, Noguchi T. Evaluation on the mechanical performance of low-quality RA through interface enhancement between cement matrix and coarse aggregate by surface modification technology. Int. J. Conc. Struct. Mat. 2016; 10(1):87-97.
[10] Han B C, Yun H D, Chung S Y. Shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams made with recycled-aggregate. ACI J. Spec. Pub. 2001; 200:503-516.
[11] Corinaldesi V, Moriconi G. Behavior of beam-column joints made of sustainable concrete under cyclic loading. J. Mat. Civ. Eng. 2006; 18(5):650-658.
[12] Xiao J, Falkner H. Bond behavior between RAC and steel rebars. Constr. Build. Mat. 2007; 21(2):395-401.
[13] Choi H B M, Kang K L. Bond behavior of deformed bars embedded in RAC. Mag. Conc. Res. 2006; 60(6):399-410.
[14] Gonzalez-Fonteboa B, Martinez-Abella F, Martinez-Lage I, Eiras-Lopez J. Structural shear behavior of recycled concrete with silica fume. Constr. Build. Mat. 2009; 23(11):3406-3410.
[15] Fathifazl G, Razaqpur A G, Abbas A B, Fournier B, Foo S. Shear capacity evaluation of steel reinforced recycled concrete (RRC) beams without stirrups. Eng. Struct. 2011; 33(3):1025-1033.
[16] Schubert S, Hoffmann C, Leemann A, Moser K, Motavalli M. RAC: experimental shear resistance of slabs without shear reinforcement. Eng. Struct. 2012; 41:490-497.
[17] Sindy S P, Belen G F, Javier E L. Bond behavior of steel reinforcement and recycled concrete. Mat. Struct. 2013; 47:323-334.
[18] Kim S W, Yun H D. Evaluation of the bond behavior of steel reinforcing bars in recycled fine aggregate concrete. Cem. Concr. Comp. 2014; 46:8-18.
[19] Zhang J, Cao W, Meng S, Yu C, Dong H. Shaking table experimental study of recycled concrete frame-shear wall structures. Earth. Eng. Vib. 2014; 13(2):257-267.
[20] Rise N, De Brito J, Correia J R, Arruda M R T. Punching behavior of concrete slabs incorporating coarse recycled concrete aggregates. Eng. Struct. 2015; 100:238-248.
[21] Pacheco J, De Brito J, Ferreira J, Soares D. Flexural load tests of full-scale RAs concrete structures. Constr. Build. Mat. 2015; 101:65-71.
[22] Goksu C, Saribas I, Binbir E, Akkaya Y and Ilki A. Structural performance of recycled aggregates concrete sourced from low strength concrete. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 2019; 69(1):77-93.
[23] Soleimani F, McKay M, Yang C S W, Kurtis K E, DesRoches R, and Kahn L F. Cyclic testing and assessment of columns containing recycled concrete debris. ACI J. 2016; 113(5):1009-1020.
[24] Xiao J, Huang X, Shen L. Seismic behavior of semi-precast column with recycled aggregate concrete. Const. Build. Mat. 2012; 35:988-1001.
[25] Ma H, Xue J, Luo D, Zhang X. Seismic performance of steel-reinforced recycled concrete columns under low cyclic loads. Const. Build. Mat. 2013; 48:229-237.
[26] Ma H, Xue J, Liu Y, Zhang X. Cyclic loading tests and shear strength of steel reinforced recycled concrete short columns. Eng. Struct. 2015; 92:55-68.
[27] Xiao J. Recycled aggregate concrete structures. Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53987-3.
[28] Xie T, Gholampour A and Ozbakkaloglu T. Toward the development of sustainable concretes with recycled concrete aggregates: comprehensive review of studies on mechanical properties. J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2018, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002304.
[29] Saribas I. Use of environmental friendly recycled aggregate concrete in production of structural members, PhD. Thesis (2018), Graduate School of Science, Engineering and Technology, Istanbul Technical University.
[30] Saribas I, Goksu C, Binbir E, Ilki A. Seismic performance of full-scale RC columns containing high proportion recycled aggregate. Bull. Earthquake Eng. 2019; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00687-0.
[31] Rao H S, Reddy, V S K, Ghorpade, V G. Influence of recycled coarse aggregate on punching behaviour of recycled coarse aggregate concrete slabs. Int. J. Mod. Eng. Res. 2012; 2(4):2815-2820.
[32] Rise N, De Brito J, Correia J R, Arruda M R T. Punching behaviour of concrete slabs incorporating coarse recycled concrete aggregates. Eng. Struct. 2015; 100:238-248.
[33] Francesconi L, Pani L, Stochino F. Punching shear strength of reinforced recycled concrete slabs. Const. Build. Mat. 2016; 127:248-263.
[34] Michaud K, Hoult N, Lotfy A, Lum P. Performance in shear of reinforced concrete slabs containing recycled concrete aggregate. Mater. and Struct. 2016; 49(10):4425-4438.
[35] Xiao J, Sun C, Jiang X. Flexural behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete graded slabs. Struct. Conc. 2015; 2:249-261.
[36] Zhou J H, Wang X B, Yu T H. Mechanic behavior test on recycled concrete simply-supported rectangular slabs. J Shenyang Jianzhu Univ Nat. Sci. 2008; 24(3):41-415 (available in Chinese).
[37] Concrete Society (CSTR 11). Concrete core testing for strength. Technical Report No.11, London, 1976; 44.
[38] BSI, BS 6089. Assessment of in-situ compressive strength in structures and precast concrete Components. BSI, London, UK, 2010.
[39] Zega C J, Di Maio A A. Recycled concrete made with different natural coarse aggregates exposed to high temperature. Constr. Build. Mat.  2009; 23:2047–52.
[40] Vieira J P B, Correia J R, De Brito J. Post-fire residual mechanical properties of concrete made with recycled concrete coarse aggregates. Cem. Conc. Res.2011; 41(5):533-541.
[41] Cree D, Green M, Noumowé A. Residual strength of concrete containing recycled materials after exposure to fire: a review. Constr. Build. Mat. 2013; 45:208-223.
[42] Kou S C, Poon C S, Etxeberria M. Residue strength, water absorption and pore size distributions of recycled aggregate concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures. Cem. Concr. Comp. 2014; 53:73-82.
[43] Dong H, Wanlin Cao W, Bian J, Zhang J. The fire resistance performance of recycled aggregate concrete columns with different concrete compressive strengths. Materials 2014; 7:7843-7860.
[44] Laneyrie C, Beaucour A L, Green M F, Hebert R L, Ledesert B, Noumowe A. Influence of recycled coarse aggregates on normal and high-performance concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. Constr. Build. Mat. 2016; 111:368-378.
[45] Unal G, Demir U, Saribas I, Goksu C, Ilki A. Seismic behavior of RC columns containing sustainable concrete after exposure to elevated temperatures. To be submitted to ASCE Structural Journal.