Abstract

Green, environmentally friendly, or sustainable concrete is defined as concrete containing waste mate-rials in its components and does not cause environmental problems in its production. In the produc-tion of sustainable concrete, recycled waste concrete materials are used. One of the materials obtained by recycling waste concrete is recycled concrete aggregate. It has been stated in the literature that this aggregate may be an alternative product to natural aggregate under certain conditions. In this study, the structural optimization of deep beams assumed to be produced with recycled concrete aggregates in four different ratios (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) was carried out by the isoline topology design method. The structural optimization results of sustainable concrete deep beams were compared with the con-ventional concrete deep beam results. As a result of the optimization process, it was observed that the structural optimization behavior of deep beams containing 25% and 50% recycled concrete aggre-gates was similar to the conventional concrete deep beams. As the recycled concrete aggregate ratio increased (over 50%) in sustainable concrete, the structural optimization behavior of these beams de-viated rapidly from the structural optimization result of the conventional concrete deep beam.

References

[1] Gonçalves, P. and De Brito, J. Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)-Comparative analysis of existing specifications. Mag. of Conc. Res., 62(5), 2010, 339-46.
[2] Rao, M.C., Bhattacharyya, S.M., Barai, S.V. Systematic approach of characterization and behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6686-3, 2019.
[3] Xiao, J. Recycled aggregate concrete structures. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53987-3, 2018.
[4] Ritter W. Die Bauweise Hennebique (The Hennebique System). Schweizerische Bau-zeitung, Bd. XXXIII, 7, Zürich, 1899.
[5] Mörsch E. Der Eisenbetonbau, seine theorie und anwendung (reinforced concrete, theory and application). Stuttgart, 1902. 
[6] Mörsch E. Concrete-steel construction. Goodrich EP, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1909.
[7] Querin, O.M., Steven, G.P. and Xie, Y.M. Evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) using a bidirectional algorithm. Eng. Comput., 15, 1998, 1031-48.
[8] Querin, O.M., Victoria, M., Diaz, C., Marti, P. Layout optimization of multi-material continuum structures with the isolines topology design method. Engineering Optimization, 2014.
[9] Querin, O.M., Victoria, M., Alonso, C., Ansola, R., Marti, P. Topology design methods for structural optimization. Elsevier Academic Press, eBook ISBN: 9780080999890, 2017.
[10] Victoria, M., Marti, P. and Querin, O.M. Topology design of two-dimensional continuum structures using isolines. Comput. Struct., 87, 2009, 101-9.
[11] Victoria, M., Querin, O.M. and Marti, P. Topology design for multiple loading conditions of continuum structures using isolines and isosurfaces. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 46, 2010, 229-237. 
[12] Victoria, M., Querin, O.M., Marti, P. Generation of strut-and-tie models by topology design using different material properties in tension and compression. Struct. Multidisc. Optim., 44, 2011, 247-258.
[13] Victoria, M., Querin, O.M., Diaz, C., Marti, P. liteITD a MATLAB Graphical User Interface (GUI) program for topology design of continuum structures. Adv. in Eng. Softw., 100, 2016, 126-147 (https://www.upct.es/goe/software/liteITD_i.php).
[14] Saribas I. Stress-strain model for recycled aggregate concretes. El-Cezerî J of Sci and Eng 6(1), 2019, 156-165.
[15] Hognestad E. A study of combined bending and axial load in reinforced concrete members. University of Illinois Bulletin 49 no. 22, 1951.
[16] Turkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği (TBDY 2018): Deprem Etkisi Altındaki Binaların Tasarımı için Esaslar. Ankara, Turkiye, 2018.
[17] Zheng, J., Zhen, L., Li, H., Jiang, C. Robust topology optimization for cellular composites with hybrid uncertainties. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 2018, 1-19.
[18] Dewhurst, P. A general optimality criterion for combined strength and stiffness of dual-material-property structures. Int. J. Mech. Sci., 47, 2005, 293-302.
[19] Martin BT, Sanders DH. Verification and implementation of strut-and-tie model in LRFD bridge design specifications. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2007.